系統時間呈現秒數
設定-->系統-->日期與時間-->秒數
安裝chrome
下載/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
~$ ls 下載/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
~$ ls ./下載/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
~$ sudo apt install ./下載/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
下載/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
-->右鍵-->使用AppCenter開啟-->安裝
更新
顯示程式-->軟體更新
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade
APT、 dpkg、snap
apt 是 Ubuntu 中常用的套件管理指令 //Advanced Package Tool
dpkg 是直接管理 Debian 套件的低階指令
snap 是 Ubuntu 引入的新一代套件管理系統
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# sudo apt update //更新軟體庫清單
$ apt list --upgradable
# sudo apt upgrade //升級系統或軟體
# sudo apt search vlc //搜尋特定應用程式
$ sudo apt install vlc //安裝應用程式
$ apt list //列出系統中的套件資訊
$ apt list --installed //只顯示已安裝的套件
$ sudo apt show vlc //列出應用程式的詳細資訊
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
Package: vlc
Version: 3.0.20-3build6
Priority: optional
...
$ sudo apt remove vlc //移除應用程式
$ sudo apt purge vlc //移除應用程式及所有設定檔
For Python IDLE
Python 3.12.3
Python 3.12.3 (main, Feb 4 2025, 14:48:35) [GCC 13.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print(3+6)
9
正在列出... 完成
idle/noble-updates,now 3.12.3-0ubuntu2 all [已安裝，自動]
idle/noble 3.12.3-0ubuntu1 all
Package: idle
Version: 3.12.3-0ubuntu2
Priority: optional
Section: universe/python
Source: python3-defaults
...
切換admin
$ sudo su
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
root@kk-VMware-Virtual-Platform:/home/kk# exit 或 CTRL+D
exit
查看cpu、ram、process
$ top
CTRL+Z //離開
查看記憶體
~$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7.7Gi 3.4Gi 1.8Gi 176Mi 2.9Gi 4.3Gi
置換： 0B 0B 0B
查看硬碟
~$ df -h
檔案系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
tmpfs 790M 2.1M 788M 1% /run
/dev/sda2 20G 8.9G 9.7G 48% /
tmpfs 3.9G 92M 3.8G 3% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 8.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 790M 148K 790M 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sr0 5.8G 5.8G 0 100% /media/kk/Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS amd64
打包 tar
//c:create建立壓縮檔案 v:verbose輸出處理的檔案列表 f:archive file指定壓縮檔案
$ tar -cvf aa.tar a1.txt a2.txt
a1.txt
a2.txt
//列出 .tar 壓縮檔案的內容
$ tar -tf aa.tar
a1.txt
a2.txt
//解壓縮 .tar 壓縮檔案
$ cp aa.tar 文件
$ cd 文件
$ ls
aa.tar
//x:extract
$ tar -xvf aa.tar
a1.txt
a2.txt
$ ls
a1.txt a2.txt aa.tar
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disk Mount
~$ sudo fdisk -l # manipulate disk partition table
...
Disk /dev/sdb: 149.05 GiB, 160041885696 bytes, 312581808 sectors
Disk model: WDC WD1600JS-22M
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: F40B36E3-5EC5-8642-B955-AEC41EB0B612
所用裝置 Start 結束 磁區 Size 類型
/dev/sdb1 2048 312581774 312579727 149G Linux filesystem
...
$ sudo blkid /dev/sdb1 # locate/print block device attributes
/dev/sdb1: UUID="f4f0b2ec-3e02-408d-bc5f-62b8a2612403" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="05c312c1-a6d8-634b-a30e-02c147ae7890"
~$ sudo mkdir /mnt/wdc01
~$ ls -l /mnt/wdc01
總用量 0
~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/wdc01
~$ ls -l /mnt/wdc01
總用量 892600
~$ sudo umount /mnt/wdc01
~$ ls -l /mnt/wdc01
總用量 0
列出掛載
~$ mount
...
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/wdc01 type ext4 (rw,relatime)
~$ lsblk
...
sdb 8:16 0 149.1G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 149G 0 part /mnt/wdc01
~$ df -h
檔案系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
tmpfs 765M 1.9M 764M 1% /run
/dev/sda3 219G 43G 166G 21% /
tmpfs 3.8G 0 3.8G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 8.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
/dev/sda2 512M 6.2M 506M 2% /boot/efi
tmpfs 765M 128K 765M 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 146G 872M 138G 1% /mnt/wdc01
~$ cat /etc/mtab
...
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/wdc01 ext4 rw,relatime 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
永久掛載磁碟（開機自動掛載）
$ sudo blkid
...
/dev/sdb1: UUID="f4f0b2ec-3e02-408d-bc5f-62b8a2612403" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="05c312c1-a6d8-634b-a30e-02c147ae7890"
~$ lsblk -f
...
sdb
└─sdb1 ext4 1.0 f4f0b2ec-3e02-408d-bc5f-62b8a2612403 137.3G 1% /mnt/wdc01
~$ ls -l /etc/fstab
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 665 12月 18 2022 /etc/fstab
~$ sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bk
~$ ls -l /etc/fstab*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 665 12月 18 2022 /etc/fstab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 665 7月 11 11:11 /etc/fstab.bk
~$ sudo nano /etc/fstab
...
UUID=f4f0b2ec-3e02-408d-bc5f-62b8a2612403 /mnt/wdc01 ext4 defaults 0 0
#最底下加入
UUID=<磁碟UUID> <掛載點> <文件系統類型> <選項> <備份> <檢查>
UUID： 磁碟的唯一識別碼 用 blkid 查詢
掛載點： 磁碟要掛載到的目錄 如 /mnt/data
文件系統類型： 磁碟的格式 ext4, ntfs, xfs, fat32
選項： 掛載參數 defaults（包含 rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async）
備份： 是否用 dump 備份 0（不備份）
檢查： 開機時是否用 fsck 檢查 0（不檢查）、1（根目錄）、2（其他分區）
# 測試 fstab 是否正確，如果沒有錯誤訊息，表示 fstab 配置正確。
~$ sudo mount -a
重啟驗證
sudo reboot
開機後檢查是否自動掛載：
~$ df -h # 查看掛載狀態
~$ lsblk -f # 確認分區掛載情況
卸載磁碟
~$ sudo umount /mnt/wdc01
並刪除 /etc/fstab 中的對應行。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
How to Delete All Partitions and Create a New Single Partition in Ubuntu
~$ lsblk
...
sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 563M 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 59G 0 part
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: MBR only
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid MBR and GPT. Which do you want to use?
1 - MBR
2 - GPT
3 - Create blank GPT
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 976773168 sectors, 465.8 GiB
Model: ST500DM002-1BD14
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/4096 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 4B1314EA-9E88-4AF9-8462-947882E67B13
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 976773134
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 976773101 sectors (465.8 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
Command (? for help): x
Expert command (? for help): z
About to wipe out GPT on /dev/sdb. Proceed? (Y/N): y
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.
Blank out MBR? (Y/N): y
~$ lsblk
...
sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: not present
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
Creating new GPT entries in memory.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-976773134, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-976773134, default = 976773119) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): p
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 976773168 sectors, 465.8 GiB
Model: ST500DM002-1BD14
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/4096 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 6A4DEE9A-E958-4951-B9A9-9D733941AD14
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 976773134
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2029 sectors (1014.5 KiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 976773119 465.8 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
~$ lsblk
...
sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 465.8G 0 part
~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 122096384 4k blocks and 30531584 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 694e2a5e-c728-4b41-8913-6b032e7bd22d
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
~$ lsblk -f
...
sdb
└─sdb1
ext4 1.0 694e2a5e-c728-4b41-8913-6b032e7bd22d
~$ blkid
/dev/sda3: UUID="93c62a33-7ed4-4360-8b04-039d04dd41cb" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="4efee950-a548-4e1d-ae82-f113bc1f310f"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gdisk create partition and formmat filesystem ext4 and delete
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-976773134, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-976773134, default = 976773119) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 976773168 sectors, 465.8 GiB
Model: ST500DM002-1BD14
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/4096 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 6A4DEE9A-E958-4951-B9A9-9D733941AD14
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 976773134
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2029 sectors (1014.5 KiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 976773119 465.8 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
/dev/sdb1 contains a ext4 file system
last mounted on Tue Jul 15 11:42:07 2025
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 122096384 4k blocks and 30531584 inodes
Filesystem UUID: a760efbc-223b-4654-bc51-a7024b6d9c1b
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
~$ lsblk -f
...
sdb
└─sdb1 ext4 1.0 a760efbc-223b-4654-bc51-a7024b6d9c1b
~$ blkid
/dev/sda3: UUID="93c62a33-7ed4-4360-8b04-039d04dd41cb" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="4efee950-a548-4e1d-ae82-f113bc1f310f"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="694e2a5e-c728-4b41-8913-6b032e7bd22d" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="36b27912-d9bd-4b70-8f22-1c5deab4e49f"
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): d
Using 1
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
~$ lsblk -f
...
sdb
~$ blkid
/dev/sda3: UUID="93c62a33-7ed4-4360-8b04-039d04dd41cb" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="4efee950-a548-4e1d-ae82-f113bc1f310f"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
檢查USB隨身碟是GPT還是MBR及轉換為MBR並格式化為FAT且複製大量資料
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 3.8G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 3.8G 0 part /media/kk/CarMusic
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：USB 2.0 USB Flash Drive (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：4043MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
1 1049kB 4042MB 4041MB fat32 Linux filesystem
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdd
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): r
Recovery/transformation command (? for help): ?
b use backup GPT header (rebuilding main)
c load backup partition table from disk (rebuilding main)
d use main GPT header (rebuilding backup)
e load main partition table from disk (rebuilding backup)
f load MBR and build fresh GPT from it
g convert GPT into MBR and exit
h make hybrid MBR
i show detailed information on a partition
l load partition data from a backup file
m return to main menu
o print protective MBR data
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
t transform BSD disklabel partition
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Recovery/transformation command (? for help): g
MBR command (? for help): ?
a toggle the active/boot flag
c recompute all CHS values
l set partition as logical
o omit partition
p print the MBR partition table
q quit without saving changes
r set partition as primary
s sort MBR partitions
t change partition type code
w write the MBR partition table to disk and exit
MBR command (? for help): w
Converted 1 partitions. Finalize and exit? (Y/N): y
Warning: The kernel is still using the old partition table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you
run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：USB 2.0 USB Flash Drive (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：4043MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
1 1049kB 4042MB 4041MB primary fat32
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 3.8G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 3.8G 0 part /media/kk/CarMusic
~$ sudo mkfs.fat /dev/sdd1
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
mkfs.fat: /dev/sdd1 contains a mounted filesystem.
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 3.8G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 3.8G 0 part /media/kk/CarMusic
~$ sudo mount /dev/sdd1 /mnt/disk01
~$ df -Th /mnt/disk01
檔案系統 類型 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
/dev/sdd1 vfat 3.8G 12M 3.8G 1% /mnt/disk01
~$ rsync -avh --progress /mnt/disk02/New/kkMusic_202507/2025/ /mnt/disk01/2025/
sending incremental file list
created directory /mnt/disk01/2025
./
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
複製大量資料資料夾
$ rsync -avh --progress kkMusic_202008/ new02/kkMusic-02
$ cd new02/
$ ls -al
總用量 148
drwxrwxr-x 4 kk kk 4096 7月 22 15:14 .
drwxrwxrwx 8 root root 4096 7月 22 15:04 ..
drwxr-xr-x 3 kk kk 73728 7月 17 15:34 kkMusic-02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
刪除大量資料資料夾
$ ls -al kkMusic-02/
總用量 3855908
drwxr-xr-x 3 kk kk 73728 7月 17 15:34 .
drwxrwxr-x 4 kk kk 4096 7月 22 15:14 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 kk kk 36864 7月 17 15:35 0919
$ rm -r kkMusic-02/0919/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
刪除大量資料中*.jpg
$ rm *.jpg
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
大量資料中檔名含有空白的部份刪除
$ ls
'0_Piano Relajante Music.mp3'
...
$ for f in *; do mv "$f" $(echo "$f" | tr -d ' '); done
$ ls
0_PianoRelajanteMusic.mp3
...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubuntu刪除大量檔案的檔案名稱中的"("和")"
$ ls
...
'LETITBE-(BEATLES).MP3'
...
$ find . -name '*[()]*' -exec bash -c 'mv "$0" "${0//[()]/}"' {} \;
$ ls
...
LETITBE-BEATLES.MP3
...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubuntu刪除大量檔案的檔案名稱中的"'"
$ ls
...
"月光女神-HEDOESN'TSEEME.MP3"
$ for f in *"'"*; do mv -- "$f" "${f//\'/}"; done
$ ls
...
月光女神-HEDOESNTSEEME.MP3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
先備份
$ mkdir -p kkMusic-bk
$ ls -l
總用量 72
drwxrwxr-x 2 kk kk 4096 7月 23 11:52 kkMusic-bk
drwxr-xr-x 2 kk kk 69632 7月 22 17:13 kkMusic-02
$ rsync -avh --progress kkMusic-02/ kkMusic-bk/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubuntu 大量檔案，檔名中有"&"更改為"+"
$ cd kkMusic-02
$ ls
...
'李宗盛&林憶蓮_當愛已成往事.mp3'
$ find . -type f -name "*&*" | while read -r file; do
newname=$(echo "$file" | sed 's/&/+/g')
mv "$file" "$newname"
$ ls
李宗盛+林憶蓮_當愛已成往事.mp3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubuntu大量檔案，檔案名稱副檔名"*.MP3"或"*.Mp3"或"*.mP3"都改成"*.mp3"
$ ls
...
月光女神-AWHITERSHADEOFPALE.MP3
$ for file in *.[mM][pP]3; do mv "$file" "${file%.*}.mp3"; done
$ ls
...
月光女神-AWHITERSHADEOFPALE.mp3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
在 Ubuntu 中批量將檔案名稱中第一個出現的 "_" 改為 "-"
$ for file in *; do
newname=$(echo "$file" | sed 's/_/-/')
if [ "$newname" != "$file" ]; then
mv -- "$file" "$newname"
fi
done
$ ls
...
張信哲-弦歌有你_1_01愛如潮水.mp3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubuntu 檔案名稱中前2個是英文字母，在原檔名前加上 "Eng-"
$ ls
...
Adele-Hello.mp3
$ for file in [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z]*; do
if [[ -f "$file" ]]; then
mv "$file" "Eng-$file"
fi
done
$ ls
Eng-Adele-Hello.mp3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubuntu系統如何將大量mp3檔中，權限設置不是"-rw-rw-r--"改成"-rw-rw-r--"
$ find -type f -name "*.mp3" ! -perm 664 -exec chmod 664 {} \;
$ ls -al
總用量 4488232
...
-rw-rw-r-- 1 kk kk 9663264 7月 17 12:29 Eng-Adele-Hello.mp3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ubntu 大量MP3檔案中，以檔名前2個字為篩選條件，相同者是同一個群集，如何在相同群集前加上3碼的編號。譬如：001_伍佰-你是我的花朵.mp3，001_伍佰-夢醒時分.mp3.......002_信樂團-OneNightIn北京.mp3.....003_光頭華夏-无期.mp3...。也就是不同群集有不同編號。
$ vi rename_clusters.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -A cluster_numbers
counter=1
# 處理所有大小寫變化的MP3文件
for file in *.[mM][pP]3; do
# 統一轉換為小寫比較，並取前2個字元
lower_file=$(echo "$file" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
cluster_key=${lower_file:0:2}
if [[ -z "${cluster_numbers[$cluster_key]}" ]]; then
cluster_numbers[$cluster_key]=$(printf "%03d" $counter)
((counter++))
fi
cluster_number=${cluster_numbers[$cluster_key]}
# 檢查是否已經有編號前綴
if [[ "$file" != "${cluster_number}_"* ]]; then
echo "重命名: $file → ${cluster_number}_$file"
mv -- "$file" "${cluster_number}_$file"
fi
done
echo "處理完成。"
$ ls -l rename_clusters.sh
-rw-rw-r-- 1 kk kk 894 7月 23 15:19 rename_clusters.sh
$ chmod +x rename_clusters.sh
$ ls -l rename_clusters.sh
-rwxrwxr-x 1 kk kk 894 7月 23 15:19 rename_clusters.sh
$ ls
Eng-Adele-Hello.mp3
...
$ ./rename_clusters.sh
$ ls
001_Eng-Adele-Hello.mp3
...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
大量更改MP3檔的屬性的Title跟檔名一樣
$ for file in *.mp3; do
title="${file%.mp3}" # 移除.mp3扩展名
id3v2 -t "$title" "$file"
done
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
如何將磁碟內所有目錄及檔案複製到另一磁碟內的資料夾bk內？
~$ mkdir -p /mnt/disk01/spusb
~$ rsync -avh --progress /mnt/disk02/ /mnt/disk01/spusb/
~$ find /mnt/disk02 | wc -l
476
~$ find /mnt/disk01/spusb | wc -l
476
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
解壓縮到另一資料夾
$ unzip ./LocalKingMap_20250720_3D.zip -d kkLocal
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
USB 隨身碟分割區改成GPT
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：loop
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 旗標
1 0.00B 2022MB 2022MB fat16
~$ sudo blkid /dev/sdd
/dev/sdd: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="D6E0-DACF" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat"
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdd
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: MBR only
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
....
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): o
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdd: 3948544 sectors, 1.9 GiB
Model:
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): D87E3941-C7FB-40DC-987F-379373674D17
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 3948510
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 3948477 sectors (1.9 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdd.
Warning: The kernel is still using the old partition table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you
run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
The operation has completed successfully.
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
~$ sudo blkid /dev/sdd
/dev/sdd: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="D6E0-DACF" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PTUUID="d87e3941-c7fb-40dc-987f-379373674d17" PTTYPE="gpt"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
建立分割區大小
~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdd
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-3948510, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-3948510, default = 3946495) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdd: 3948544 sectors, 1.9 GiB
Model:
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): D87E3941-C7FB-40DC-987F-379373674D17
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 3948510
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 4029 sectors (2.0 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 3946495 1.9 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdd.
Warning: The kernel is still using the old partition table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you
run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
The operation has completed successfully.
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
1 1049kB 2021MB 2020MB Linux filesystem
~$ sudo blkid /dev/sdd
/dev/sdd: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="D6E0-DACF" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PTUUID="d87e3941-c7fb-40dc-987f-379373674d17" PTTYPE="gpt"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
格式化分割區
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 1.9G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 1.9G 0 part
~$ sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n "USB_DATA" /dev/sdd1
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 1.9G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 1.9G 0 part /media/kk/USB_DATA
~$ sudo parted -l
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
1 1049kB 2021MB 2020MB fat32 Linux filesystem
~$ sudo blkid /dev/sdd1
/dev/sdd1: LABEL_FATBOOT="USB_DATA" LABEL="USB_DATA" UUID="2532-F879" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="5558af6f-be5f-4f58-baa0-a2fd6005a686"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
製作出linux與windows都能讀取資料的USB隨身碟
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
1 1049kB 4009MB 4008MB Linux filesystem
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 3.7G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 3.7G 0 part /media/kk/C852-54B5
~$ sudo umount /dev/sdd1
~$ sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n "USB_DATA" /dev/sdd1
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdd：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
1 1049kB 4009MB 4008MB fat32 Linux filesystem
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdd 8:48 1 3.7G 0 disk
sdd1 8:49 1 3.7G 0 part
~$ sudo blkid /dev/sdd1
/dev/sdd1: LABEL_FATBOOT="USB_DATA" LABEL="USB_DATA" UUID="DC64-50B6" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="82ae7ab9-c4ca-4d2b-997d-ce7cca2e27d7"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
USB隨身碟，GPD轉MBR
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
＃完全清除磁碟的分區表
~$ sudo sgdisk -Z /dev/sdc
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：unknown
磁碟旗標：
~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.39.3).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea.
It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap
partitions on this disk.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS (MBR) disklabel with disk identifier 0xfc3f7af9.
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty MBR (DOS) partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： o
Created a new DOS (MBR) disklabel with disk identifier 0xba64ff3e.
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： w
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
建立新分割區
~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
...
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):
Using default response p.
分割區編號 (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-3948543, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-3948543, default 3948543):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1.9 GiB.
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： t
Selected partition 1
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): L
00 空 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux 交換區/ S c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
01 FAT12 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
02 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden or c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
03 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux 擴展 c7 Syrinx
04 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP 開機 86 NTFS 卷冊集 da Non-FS 資料
05 延伸 42 SFS 87 NTFS 卷冊集 db CP/M / CTOS /…
06 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux 純文字 de Dell 公用程式
07 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4e QNX4.x 第二部分 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
08 AIX 4f QNX4.x 第三部分 93 Amoeba e1 DOS 存取
09 AIX 可開機 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
0a OS/2 開機管理員 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
0b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ea Linux extended
0c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD eb BeOS fs
0e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ee GPT
0f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f0 Linux/PA-RISC
11 隱藏 FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq 診斷 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin 開機 f4 SpeedStor
14 隱藏 FAT16 <32M 63 GNU HURD 或 Sys af HFS / HFS+ f2 DOS 次級
16 隱藏 FAT16 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs f8 EBBR protective
17 隱藏 HPFS/NTFS 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI 交換區 fb VMware VMFS
18 AST 智慧休眠 70 DiskSecure 多種 bb 開機精靈隱藏 fc VMware VMKCORE
1b 隱藏 W95 FAT32 75 PC/IX bc Acronis FAT32 L fd Linux raid 自動
1c 隱藏 W95 FAT32 80 舊版 Minix be Solaris 開機 fe LANstep
1e 隱藏 W95 FAT16 81 Minix / 舊版 Li bf Solaris ff BBT
24 NEC DOS
Aliases:
linux - 83
swap - 82
extended - 05
uefi - EF
raid - FD
lvm - 8E
linuxex - 85
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): 0c
Changed type of partition 'Empty' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： w
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
1 1049kB 2022MB 2021MB primary lba
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdc 8:32 1 1.9G 0 disk /media/kk/D6E0-DACF
sdc1 8:33 1 1.9G 0 part
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
格式化成FAT32
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdc 8:32 1 1.9G 0 disk /media/kk/D6E0-DACF
sdc1 8:33 1 1.9G 0 part
~$ sudo umount /dev/sdc
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdc 8:32 1 1.9G 0 disk
sdc1 8:33 1 1.9G 0 part
~$ sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n "USB_DATA" /dev/sdc1
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號：Ut165 (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：2022MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
1 1049kB 2022MB 2021MB primary fat32 lba
~$ sudo blkid /dev/sdc1
/dev/sdc1: LABEL_FATBOOT="USB_DATA" LABEL="USB_DATA" UUID="112B-813A" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="ba64ff3e-01"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
使用者家目錄以英文顯示
~$ LC_ALL=C xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update
Moving DESKTOP directory from 桌面 to Desktop
Moving DOWNLOAD directory from 下載 to Downloads
Moving TEMPLATES directory from 模本 to Templates
Moving PUBLICSHARE directory from 公共 to Public
Moving DOCUMENTS directory from 文件 to Documents
Moving MUSIC directory from 音樂 to Music
Moving PICTURES directory from 圖片 to Pictures
Moving VIDEOS directory from 影片 to Videos
~$ ls
Desktop Public Documents Templates Downloads Videos Music Pictures
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
將掛載的磁碟內資料夾，再掛載綁定到使用者家目錄
~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/disk01
~$ sudo mount --bind /mnt/disk01/MyDownLoad/ ./下載
~$ ls 下載
張宇-走樣.mp4
~$ ls /mnt/disk01/MyDownLoad/
張宇-走樣.mp4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
永久掛載
~$ sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bk
~$ ls -l /etc/fstab*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 585 7月 23 10:53 /etc/fstab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 585 8月 4 09:40 /etc/fstab.bk
~$ sudo blkid
...
/dev/sdb1: UUID="9e7b9707-1373-4e9f-947e-b45fe49fdfa0" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="434d78b1-d584-43fc-be07-07ea365e8a87"
~$ sudo nano /etc/fstab
...
UUID=9e7b9707-1373-4e9f-947e-b45fe49fdfa0 /mnt/disk01 ext4 defaults 0 0
/mnt/disk01/MyDownLoad/ /home/kk/下載 none bind 0 0
#最底下加上這2行
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
USB隨身碟GPD轉MBR ，使用gdisk
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：gpt
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 檔案系統 名稱 旗標
1 1049kB 4009MB 4008MB fat32 Linux filesystem
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.10
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): r
Recovery/transformation command (? for help): g
MBR command (? for help): w
Converted 1 partitions. Finalize and exit? (Y/N): y
Warning: The kernel is still using the old partition table.
The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you
run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
1 1049kB 4009MB 4008MB primary fat32
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
USB隨身碟GPD轉MBR ，使用fdisk
~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
...
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： o
...
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： w
...
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
USB隨身碟GPD轉MBR後，重新建立分割區
~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdc
...
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： n
...
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 3.7 GiB.
Partition #1 contains a vfat signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y
...
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： t
Selected partition 1
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): 0c
...
命令 (m 以獲得說明)： w
...
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
1 1049kB 4010MB 4009MB primary lba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
USB隨身碟轉MBR、建立分割區後，進行格式化
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdc 8:32 1 3.7G 0 disk
sdc1 8:33 1 3.7G 0 part /media/kk/USB_DATA
~$ sudo umount /dev/sdc1
~$ lsblk -l
...
sdc 8:32 1 3.7G 0 disk
sdc1 8:33 1 3.7G 0 part
~$ sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 -n "USB_DATA" /dev/sdc1
~$ sudo parted -l
...
型號： USB FLASH DRIVE (scsi)
磁碟 /dev/sdc：4010MB
磁區大小 (邏輯/物理)：512B/512B
分割區：msdos
磁碟旗標：
編號 起點 終點 大小 類型 檔案系統 旗標
1 1049kB 4010MB 4009MB primary fat32 lba
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
查看CPU與記憶體
~$ lscpu
架構： x86_64
CPU 作業模式： 32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes: 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
...
＃核心數
~$ nproc
4
＃記憶體
~$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7.5Gi 2.8Gi 2.2Gi 456Mi 3.0Gi 4.7Gi
置換： 2.0Gi 0B 2.0Gi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
檔案與資料夾操作
Summary Table
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Delete a file： rm file # remove files or directories
Delete an empty directory： rmdir dir ＃remove empty directories
Delete a directory & contents： rm -r dir
Force delete (no prompt)： rm -rf dir
Rename/move file/dir： mv old new
