郭進電腦使用筆記: 2026

2026年4月26日星期日

Ubuntu26.04

----------------------------------------------------------------- 安裝ubuntu26.04約30分

＃＃每次上串照片只能2張，否則順序相反！

----------------------------------------------------------------- 檢查分割區掛載

$ ls /
bin cdrom etc lib lost+found mnt proc run snap swap.img tmp var
boot dev home lib64 media opt root sbin srv sys usr
$ ls /mnt
backup

$ df /dev/sda* -h
檔案系統容量已用可用已用% 掛載點
devtmpfs 3.4G 0 3.4G 0% /dev
/dev/sda1 1.1G 6.4M 1.1G 1% /boot/efi
/dev/sda2 94G 12G 77G 14% /
/dev/sda3 139G 11G 122G 8% /mnt/backup

$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
...
sda 8:0 0 238.5G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot/efi
├─sda2 8:2 0 95.4G 0 part /
└─sda3 8:3 0 142.1G 0 part /mnt/backup

$ sudo blkid /dev/sda3
[sudo: authenticate] 密碼：
/dev/sda3: UUID="399a1d65-031b-4c29-a197-15fd5acd4393" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="6d0ae669-f55c-4b70-87c8-a3982a2decf8"

$ sudo nano /etc/fstab
GNU nano 8.7.1 /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda2 during curtin installation
/dev/disk/by-uuid/92dc97bf-1df4-4463-8fd2-55489431de2d / ext4 defaults 0 1
# /mnt/backup was on /dev/sda3 during curtin installation
/dev/disk/by-uuid/399a1d65-031b-4c29-a197-15fd5acd4393 /mnt/backup ext4 defaults 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during curtin installation
/dev/disk/by-uuid/43B4-268A /boot/efi vfat defaults 0 1
/swap.img none swap sw 0 0

-----------------------------------------------------------------安裝timeshift

$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

$ sudo apt install timeshift -y

----------------------------------------------------------------- 版本

uname -a
Linux ubuntu2604 7.0.0-14-generic #14-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Mon Apr 13 11:09:53 UTC 2026 x86_64 GNU/Linux

lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 26.04 LTS
Release: 26.04
Codename: resolute

cat /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 26.04 LTS"
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION_ID="26.04"
VERSION="26.04 (Resolute Raccoon)"
VERSION_CODENAME=resolute
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
UBUNTU_CODENAME=resolute
LOGO=ubuntu-logo

-----------------------------------------------------------------更新

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

-----------------------------------------------------------------網路校時

＃設定時區
sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Taipei

＃啟用自動校時
sudo timedatectl set-ntp on

timedatectl
Local time: 二 2026-04-28 12:44:55 CST
Universal time: 二 2026-04-28 04:44:55 UTC
RTC time: 二 2026-04-28 04:44:55
Time zone: Asia/Taipei (CST, +0800)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: no

----------------------------------------------------------------- 安裝chrome

wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

ls -l

sudo apt install ./google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

-----------------------------------------------------------------

2026年4月24日星期五

Ubuntu24.04 練習

--------------------------------------------------------------------時區

date
Fri Apr 24 08:13:46 AM UTC 2026

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Taipei

date
Fri Apr 24 04:16:53 PM CST 2026

--------------------------------------------------------------------cpu、memory、disk

lscpu

free -h

df -h #"Disk Free"，-h 代表 "Human-readable"，會以 GB 或 MB 顯示

du -h #"Disk Usage"

sudo du -sh /var/log

lsblk -p /dev/sda #list block devices 查看樹狀分區結構

sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda #manipulate disk partition table 查看分區表詳細規格

--------------------------------------------------------------------定輸出年、月的月曆

cal 04 2026

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Ubuntu24.04 for Apache2+php+MariaDB

Windows11 + VMware +Ubuntu24.04 Server(192.168.209.131/24)

-------------------------------------------------------------------

#系統安裝後，更新
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

#安裝ssh
sudo systemctl status ssh
apt list --installed | grep ssh
sudo apt install openssh-server
sudo systemctl status ssh
sudo systemctl start ssh
sudo systemctl enable ssh
ss -tunlp

#防火牆放行ssh
sudo ufw status
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw allow ssh
sudo ufw status

#PuTTY安裝設定
左上圖示  Change Setting  Window  Apperance  Font Setting  Change  大小：18
選取視窗中文字，滑鼠左鍵一下，即將內容複製到剪貼簿中

#安裝Apache
sudo apt install apache2
apt list --installed | grep apache2
systemctl status apache2
sudo ufw allow "Apache Full" &&HTTP + HTTPS
sudo ufw status
ss -tunpl
http://192.168.209.131/

#安裝php
sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-xml -y
apt list --installed | grep php
php -v
sudo systemctl restart apache2
#測試php環境
echo "<?php phpinfo();?>" | sudo tee /var/www/html/info.php
cat /var/www/html/info.php
http://192.168.209.131/info.php

#安裝MariaDB
sudo apt install mariadb-server -y
sudo systemctl status mariadb
#執行安全安裝腳本
sudo mysql_secure_installation
…
Change the root password? [Y/n] y
New password:db123456
Re-enter new password:db123456
…
#建立資料庫與使用者
sudo mariadb
MariaDB [(none)]> create database Dbkk;
MariaDB [(none)]> create user "kk"@"localhost" identified by "db123456";
MariaDB [Dbkk]> grant all privileges on Dbkk.* to "kk"@"localhost";
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
MariaDB [(none)]> exit
#建立資料表
sudo mariadb -u kk -p
Enter password:db123456
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
MariaDB [(none)]> use Dbkk;
MariaDB [Dbkk]> create table TabCla(Idno int auto_increment primary key,Na varchar(100),Acnt varchar(100));
MariaDB [Dbkk]> show tables;
MariaDB [Dbkk]> describe TabCla;
#新增一筆資料
MariaDB [Dbkk]> insert into TabCla(Na,Acnt) values("測試員01","test01");
MariaDB [Dbkk]> select * from TabCla;
#使用者家目錄建立web資料夾，軟連結到Apache目錄
mkdir -p /home/kk/web
sudo ln -s /home/kk/web /var/www/html/web
ls -al /home/kk
…
drwxrwxr-x 2 kk kk 4096 Apr 24 06:11 web

ls -al /var/www/html
…
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 24 06:12 web -> /home/kk/web

#確保Apache有權限讀取家目錄
chmod 755 /home/kk
chmod 755 /home/kk/web

ls -al /home/kk
…
drwxr-xr-x 2 kk kk 4096 Apr 24 06:11 web

ls -al /var/www/html
…
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 24 06:12 web -> /home/kk/web

#測試
nano web/01.html
<H1>TEST!</H1>
http://192.168.209.131/web/01.html

#建立PHP

#連線資料庫
nano web/db.php
<?php
$host = 'localhost';
$dbname = 'Dbkk';
$user = 'kk'; // 建議使用您之前建立的特定帳號
$pass = 'db123456';

try {
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$dbname;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
die("連線失敗: " . $e->getMessage());
}
?>

#瀏覽所有資料
nano web/ListCla.php
<?php
include 'db.php';
$stmt = $pdo->query("SELECT * FROM TabCla");
echo "<h1>資料列表</h1><table border='1'><tr><th>ID</th><th>姓名</th><th>帳號</th><th>操作</th></tr>";
while ($row = $stmt->fetch()) {
echo "<tr>
<td>{$row['Idno']}</td>
<td>{$row['Na']}</td>
<td>{$row['Acnt']}</td>
<td>
<a href='ModiCla.php?id={$row['Idno']}'>修改</a> |
<a href='delCla.php?id={$row['Idno']}'>刪除</a>
</td>
</tr>";
}
echo "</table><br><a href='addCla.php'>新增資料</a>";
?>

#新增功能
nano web/addCla.php
<?php
include 'db.php';
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST') {
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO TabCla (Na, Acnt) VALUES (?, ?)");
$stmt->execute([$_POST['Na'], $_POST['Acnt']]);
header("Location: ListCla.php");
}
?>
<form method="post">
姓名: <input type="text" name="Na" required><br>
帳號: <input type="text" name="Acnt" required><br>
<button type="submit">送出新增</button>
</form>

#刪除功能
nano web/delCla.php
<?php
include 'db.php';
if (isset($_GET['id'])) {
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM TabCla WHERE Idno = ?");
$stmt->execute([$_GET['id']]);
}
header("Location: ListCla.php");
?>

#查詢與修改功能
nano web/ModiCla.php
<?php
include 'db.php';
$id = $_GET['id'];
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM TabCla WHERE Idno = ?");
$stmt->execute([$id]);
$row = $stmt->fetch();

if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST') {
$upd = $pdo->prepare("UPDATE TabCla SET Na = ?, Acnt = ? WHERE Idno = ?");
$upd->execute([$_POST['Na'], $_POST['Acnt'], $id]);
header("Location: ListCla.php");
}
?>
<form method="post">
姓名: <input type="text" name="Na" value="<?=$row['Na']?>"><br>
帳號: <input type="text" name="Acnt" value="<?=$row['Acnt']?>"><br>
<button type="submit">確認修改</button>
</form>

http://192.168.209.131/web/ListCla.php

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