RockyLinux 9.3 練習(二)

 

 迴路介面 loopback interface
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 //ifconfig 替換為 ip addr
[kk@rocky ~]$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
...
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:a8:fc:5a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp3s0
    inet 163.32.145.69/24 brd 163.32.145.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
...

[kk@rocky ~]$ cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
 

[kk@rocky ~]$ ping localhost
PING localhost(localhost (::1)) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
...

 IP 修改網路設定
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>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Tool based:

 //nmcli - command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager
[kk@rocky ~]$ nmcli device status
DEVICE  TYPE      STATE                   CONNECTION
ens160  ethernet  已連線                  ens160
lo      loopback  connected (externally)  lo

[kk@rocky ~]$ nmcli device show ens160
GENERAL.DEVICE:                         ens160
GENERAL.TYPE:                           ethernet
GENERAL.HWADDR:                         00:0C:29:A8:FC:5A
GENERAL.MTU:                            1500
GENERAL.STATE:                          100 (已連線)
GENERAL.CONNECTION:                     ens160
GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveC>
WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER:               開
IP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         163.32.145.69/24
IP4.GATEWAY:                            163.32.145.254
IP4.ROUTE[1]:                           dst = 163.32.145.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt>
IP4.ROUTE[2]:                           dst = 0.0.0.0/0, nh = 163.32.145.254, m>
IP4.DNS[1]:                             168.95.1.1
...

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo nmcli connect modify ens160 ipv4.address 163.32.145.70/24
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
[kk@rocky ~]$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
...
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:a8:fc:5a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp3s0
    inet 163.32.145.69/24 brd 163.32.145.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
...

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo nmcli device connect ens160
裝置「ens160」已成功以「f8db373b-ebf8-3475-ac32-88976ada7f40」啟用。 

-----------------------------
[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo nmcli connect down ens160

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo nmcli connect up ens160
-----------------------------

[kk@rocky ~]$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
...
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:a8:fc:5a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp3s0
    inet 163.32.145.70/24 brd 163.32.145.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
...

 

 

 

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>File based:

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo vi /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ens160.nmconnection
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
 

[connection]
id=ens160
uuid=f8db373b-ebf8-3475-ac32-88976ada7f40
type=ethernet
autoconnect-priority=-999
interface-name=ens160
timestamp=1714117009

[ethernet]

[ipv4]
address1=163.32.145.70/24,163.32.145.254
dns=168.95.1.1;
method=manual

[ipv6]
addr-gen-mode=eui64
method=auto

[proxy]
~
~
~
 

[kk@rocky ~]$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
...
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
...
    inet 163.32.145.69/24 brd 163.32.145.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
 

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo nmcli connect load /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ens160.nmconnection

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo nmcli connect up /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ens160.nmconnection
 

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>CLI 下的圖形設計工具:

[kk@rocky ~]$ systemctl status NetworkManager
● NetworkManager.service - Network Manager
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/NetworkManager.service; enabled; p>
     Active: active (running) since Fri 2024-04-26 14:28:37 CST; 7min ago
       Docs: man:NetworkManager(8)
   Main PID: 755 (NetworkManager)
      Tasks: 3 (limit: 48646)
     Memory: 11.3M
        CPU: 348ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/NetworkManager.service
             └─755 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
 

[kk@rocky ~]$ ls /usr/lib/systemd/system
 ...
 NetworkManager.service
...

 

#Nmtui is a part of the NetworkManager package in Linux and provides a text-based user interface to manage your network settings. 

 [kk@rocky ~]$ nmtui edit ens160

 [kk@rocky ~]$ sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager.service

 

 

 

 

網路測試工具  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>hostnamectl 取替 hostname

[kk@rocky ~]$ hostnamectl
 Static hostname: rocky.kk
...

[kk@rocky ~]$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname BigRocky.kk
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
[kk@rocky ~]$ hostnamectl
 Static hostname: BigRocky.kk
...

 

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>ss 取替 netstat

//ss is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat.  It can display more TCP  and  state  information  than other tools.

//t：tcp協定   u：udp協定   n：不用名稱以port顯示   p：連線由哪個行程處理   l：在傾聽的連線

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ss -tunpl
Netid    State     Recv-Q    Send-Q                           Local Address:Port       Peer Address:Port   Process
udp      UNCONN    0         0                                    127.0.0.1:323             0.0.0.0:*
udp      UNCONN    0         0                                        [::1]:323                [::]:*
udp      UNCONN    0         0            [fe80::20c:29ff:fea8:fc5a]%ens160:546                [::]:*
tcp      LISTEN    0         128                                    0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*
tcp      LISTEN    0         128                                       [::]:22                 [::]:*

//檢視tcp連線
[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ss -t
State       Recv-Q       Send-Q              Local Address:Port                Peer Address:Port        Process
ESTAB       0            64                  163.32.145.69:ssh                163.32.145.99:61321

//  -u, --udp   Display UDP sockets.
[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ss -u
Recv-Q         Send-Q                  Local Address:Port                   Peer Address:Port         Process

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>tracepath 取替  traceroute/traceroute6

 

//tracepath, tracepath6 - traces path to a network host discovering MTU along this path
[kk@BigRocky ~]$ tracepath 168.95.1.1
 1?: [LOCALHOST]                      pmtu 1500
 1:  _gateway                                              0.903ms
 1:  _gateway                                              0.975ms
 2:  10.241.3.153                                          1.531ms
 3:
 ^C

 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>ip route 取替  route
[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ip route | column -t
default          via  163.32.145.254  dev    ens160  proto  static  metric  100
163.32.145.0/24  dev  ens160          proto  kernel  scope  link    src     163.32.145.69  metric  100

 
[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ip -6 route | column -t > RouteTable.text
[kk@BigRocky ~]$ cat RouteTable.text
::1                   dev  lo                        proto  kernel  metric  256   pref    medium
2001:288:8241:1::23c  dev  ens160                    proto  kernel  metric  100   pref    medium
2001:288:8241:1::/64  dev  ens160                    proto  ra      metric  100   pref    medium
fe80::/64             dev  ens160                    proto  kernel  metric  1024  pref    medium
default               via  fe80::ea1c:baff:fec9:968  dev    ens160  proto   ra    metric  100     pref  medium

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>ip neighbor 取替  arp
//ARP
//Address Resolution Protocol 位址解析協定，由已知的 IP 位址查問其相對應的網路實體位址MAC
 //RARP
//Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 反向位址解析協定,由已知的網路實體位址（MAC 位址）查詢其相對應的 IP 位址

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ip neighbor show
163.32.145.254 dev ens160 lladdr e8:1c:ba:c9:09:68 STALE
163.32.145.253 dev ens160 lladdr 4c:ae:a3:29:75:10 STALE
163.32.145.99 dev ens160 lladdr 00:e0:4c:23:07:3a REACHABLE
fe80::ea1c:baff:fec9:968 dev ens160 lladdr e8:1c:ba:c9:09:68 router STALE

 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>yum、dnf

////
被淘汰的工具只是不在預設安裝所包含的，所以是可以利用 yum 把他安裝回來
Note：在 yum 中不知道套件的名稱，可以用 provides 和 list 直接搜尋 package 裡面的工具
////


//DNF  is the next upcoming major version of YUM

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ dnf provides */ifconfig
Rocky Linux 9 - BaseOS                          1.1 MB/s | 2.2 MB     00:02
Rocky Linux 9 - AppStream                       1.6 MB/s | 7.4 MB     00:04
Rocky Linux 9 - Extras                           15 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
net-tools-2.0-0.62.20160912git.el9.x86_64 : Basic networking tools
軟體庫  ：baseos
符合來源：
檔案名稱：/usr/sbin/ifconfig

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ dnf list */ifconfig
上次中介資料過期檢查：0:01:08 前，時間點為西元2024年04月29日 (週一) 13時45分38秒。
可用的軟體包
net-tools.x86_64  

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ sudo dnf -y install net-tools
上次中介資料過期檢查：0:05:22 前，時間點為西元2024年04月29日 (週一) 13時54分50秒。

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ ifconfig
ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 163.32.145.69  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 163.32.145.255
        inet6 2001:288:8241:1:20c:29ff:fea8:fc5a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x0<global>
        inet6 2001:288:8241:1::23c  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x0<global>
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea8:fc5a  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:a8:fc:5a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 22125  bytes 14068960 (13.4 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 1089  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 6588  bytes 640794 (625.7 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 4  bytes 156 (156.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 4  bytes 156 (156.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ dnf provides */dig
上次中介資料過期檢查：0:07:08 前，時間點為西元2024年04月29日 (週一) 13時45分38秒。
bind-utils-32:9.16.23-14.el9_3.4.x86_64 : Utilities for querying DNS name servers
軟體庫  ：appstream
符合來源：
檔案名稱：/usr/bin/dig

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ dnf list */dig
上次中介資料過期檢查：0:09:19 前，時間點為西元2024年04月29日 (週一) 13時45分38秒。
可用的軟體包
bind-utils.x86_64

[kk@BigRocky ~]$ sudo dnf -y install bind-utils.x86_64
[sudo] kk 的密碼：
上次中介資料過期檢查：0:01:39 前，時間點為西元2024年04月29日 (週一) 13時54分50秒。
依賴關係解析完畢。

[kk@BigRocky ~]$  dig 168.95.1.1

; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> 168.95.1.1
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 20856
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;168.95.1.1.                    IN      A

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
.                       2562    IN      SOA     a.root-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2024042900 1800 900 604800 86400

;; Query time: 7 msec
;; SERVER: 168.95.1.1#53(168.95.1.1)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 29 13:58:46 CST 2024
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 114

 

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