郭進電腦使用筆記: 2021

2021年12月15日星期三

CentOS8 指令練習與網路管理

system information

------------------------------------------------------

//uname - print system information

# uname -a

Linux centos.kk 4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Nov 16 14:42:35 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

# cat /etc/redhat-release

CentOS Linux release 8.5.2111

# cat /proc/version

Linux version 4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org) (gcc version 8.5.0 20210514 (Red Hat 8.5.0-4) (GCC)) #1 SMP Tue Nov 16 14:42:35 UTC 2021

------------------------------------------------------

[root@centos ~]#

root：使用者

centos：主機名

~ ：使用者家目錄

# ：最高權限管理者

[kk1@centos ~]$

$：一班使用者

// show who is logged on

# who

root pts/0 2021-12-16 08:21 (172.31.147.33)

// Show who is logged on and what they are doing

# w

08:22:27 up 32 min, 1 user, load average: 0.09, 0.07, 0.02

USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT

root pts/0 172.31.147.33 08:21 0.00s 0.01s 0.00s w

// 關機馬上 halt

# shutdown -h now

// 關機10分鐘後

# shutdown -h 10

//重開機 reboot

# shutdown -r

#reboot

//list directory contents

// 列出檔案系統根目錄下

# ls /

bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var

boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr

// print name of current/working directory

# pwd

/root

// .. 上一層目錄，目前在 /root

# ls ..

bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var

# ls ../

bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr

// . 目前所在目錄，目前在 /root ，同 # ls

# ls .

anaconda-ks.cfg

# ls ./

anaconda-ks.cfg

//Change the current directory to dir

# cd /

# pwd

# ls

bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var

# date

四 12月 16 08:51:36 CST 2021

# echo $LANG

zh_TW.UTF-8

//取得語區資料特定的資訊

# locale --help

# locale

LANG=zh_TW.UTF-8

LC_CTYPE="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_NUMERIC="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_TIME="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_COLLATE="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_MONETARY="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_MESSAGES="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_PAPER="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_NAME="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_ADDRESS="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_TELEPHONE="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_MEASUREMENT="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_IDENTIFICATION="zh_TW.UTF-8"

LC_ALL=

# vi /etc/hostname

centos.kk

# hostnamectl set-hostname centos85.kk

# hostnamectl

Static hostname: centos85.kk

Icon name: computer-vm

Chassis: vm

Machine ID: d9fabbd997c54e8f8c8520cd37b792e1

Boot ID: 79aaab2bf6d6447dbad2d71295dfb97c

Virtualization: vmware

Operating System: CentOS Linux 8

CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:8

Kernel: Linux 4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64

Architecture: x86-64

------------------------------------------------------cp, mv, rm

# pwd

/root

# ls ./

anaconda-ks.cfg

# ls /etc/yum.conf

/etc/yum.conf

//copy files and directories

# cp /etc/yum.conf ./

# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg yum.conf

//--recursive 可用複製資料夾

# cp -r /etc/ssh ./

# ls ./

anaconda-ks.cfg ssh yum.conf

// move (rename) files

# mv yum.conf aa.conf

# ls

aa.conf anaconda-ks.cfg ssh

//remove files or directories

# rm aa.conf

rm：是否移除普通檔案'aa.conf'? y

# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg ssh

// --recursive --force

# rm -rf ssh

# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg

------------------------------------------------------ touch, cat, more, less, head, tail

// concatenate files and print on the standard output

//--number

# cat /etc/yum.conf

[main]

gpgcheck=1

installonly_limit=3

clean_requirements_on_remove=True

best=True

skip_if_unavailable=False

# cat -n /etc/yum.conf

1 [main]

2 gpgcheck=1

3 installonly_limit=3

4 clean_requirements_on_remove=True

5 best=True

6 skip_if_unavailable=False

// 產生 test.txt ， > 將輸入文字寫入 test.txt 中

# cat>test.txt

I love linux ! //輸入完成按 Ctrl+D

# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg test.txt

# cat test.txt

I love linux !

//SPACE Display next k lines of text. Defaults to current screen size.

//RETURN Display next k lines of text. Defaults to 1

// more - file perusal filter for crt viewing

# more anaconda-ks.cfg

//less - opposite of more

# less anaconda-ks.cfg

//head - output the first part of files

//預設10 列

# head anaconda-ks.cfg

//tail - output the last part of files

// 指定3列

# tail -3 anaconda-ks.cfg

// ----follow 持續監控記錄檔，有新資料馬上顯示 ^C 中斷

# tail -f anaconda-ks.cfg

//產生空白檔案

# touch kk1.txt

# ls -l

總計 4

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 10月 15 19:05 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 12月 16 09:38 kk1.txt

//change file timestamps

# touch anaconda-ks.cfg

# ls -l

總計 4

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 12月 16 09:38 kk1.txt

------------------------------------------------------mkdir, rmdir

// make directories

# mkdir dir1

# ls -l

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 12月 20 13:36 dir1

# touch dir1/file1.text

// remove empty directories

// -f, --force -r, -R, --recursive

# rm -r dir1

rm: descend into directory 'dir1'? y

rm：是否移除普通空白檔案'dir1/file1.text'? y

rm：是否移除目錄'dir1'? y

# ls -l

總計 4

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

------------------------------------------------------link

++++++++++++++++++++++softLink

# echo "Hello" > data.text

// -i, --inode

# ls -li

34576503 -rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

33576578 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 12月 20 13:42 data.text

//-s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links

# ln -s data.text softLink

# ls -li

34576503 -rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

33576578 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 12月 20 13:42 data.text

33577152 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 12月 20 13:44 softLink -> data.text

// l: link rwx: link 沒自己權限，視真實檔案為主

//2個 inode 編號不同

# cat softLink

Hello

# rm -f data.text

# ls -l softLink

lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 12月 20 13:44 softLink -> data.text

// slink 變成紅色警戒，表連結無效

//刪除真實檔案的檔名

//符號連結 symbolic link 就無法取得真實檔案的 inode 資訊內的 Block 區塊位置

# cat softLink

cat: softLink: 沒有此一檔案或目錄

# rm softLink

rm：是否移除符號連結'softLink'? y

# ls -li

34576503 -rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

++++++++++++++++++++++hardLink

# echo "World" >data2.text

# ls -l

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 12月 20 14:05 data2.text

# ln data2.text hardLink

# ls -li

34576503 -rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

33576578 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 6 12月 20 14:05 data2.text

33576578 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 6 12月 20 14:05 hardLink

//2個 inode 編號相同

# rm -f data2.text

# ls -li

34576503 -rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

33576578 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6 12月 20 14:05 hardLink

# cat hardLink

World

// 硬連結 hard link 複製真實檔案的 inode 資訊，所以刪除真實檔案的檔名

//硬連結仍可以取得真實檔案的 inode 資訊內的 Block 區塊位置

symbolic link(軟) 可跨越分割區支援目錄刪除真實檔案後成無效連結無法自訂權限

hard link(硬) 不可跨越分割區不支援目錄刪除真實檔案後仍有效連結可以自訂權限

------------------------------------------------------執行檔

//執行檔的絕對路徑

# ls /usr/bin/du

/usr/bin/du

# /usr/bin/du

44 .

//環境變數 PATH 設定自動搜尋目錄裡的執行檔

# echo $PATH

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

# du

44 .

# echo "HelloWorld!!" > runMe

# ls -l

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13 12月 20 14:21 runMe

# chmod u+x runMe

# ls -l

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rwxr--r--. 1 root root 13 12月 20 14:21 runMe

# runMe

-bash: runMe：命令找不到

//執行目前所在目錄下的執行檔

# ./runMe

./runMe: 列 1: HelloWorlddu：命令找不到

------------------------------------------------------硬碟空間使用情形

//report file system disk space usage 各分割區使用情況

//-h, --human-readable

# df -h

檔案系統容量已用可用已用% 掛載點

devtmpfs 886M 0 886M 0% /dev

tmpfs 904M 0 904M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 904M 8.7M 895M 1% /run

tmpfs 904M 0 904M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-root 6.2G 1.4G 4.9G 23% /

/dev/sda1 976M 136M 774M 15% /boot

tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0

//estimate file space usage 目前目錄下( 含子目錄)已用空間

# du -h

32K .

# ls /

bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var

boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr

//-s, --summarize

# du -sh /var/

115M /var/

# du -sh /var/*

0 /var/adm

24M /var/cache

0 /var/crash

...

------------------------------------------------------重導輸出 redirect ，重導輸入

//若導向到的檔案已經存在，則會被覆蓋

# echo "this is old data" > myfile

# cat myfile

this is old data

// >> 新增至尾端

# echo "this is new data" >> myfile

# cat myfile

this is old data

this is new data

# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg

# ls kk1.txt

ls: 無法存取 'kk1.txt': 沒有此一檔案或目錄

// stdin:0 stdout:1 stderr:2

# ls kk1.txt 2> myError

# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg myError

# cat myError

ls: 無法存取 'kk1.txt': 沒有此一檔案或目錄

# echo "電腦使用筆記，記錄相關重點" > myData

# cat myData

電腦使用筆記，記錄相關重點

// wc - print newline, word, and byte counts for each file

//行數字數 byte數

# wc < myData

1 1 40

# ls -l

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 40 12月 20 14:49 myData

# ls -l

-rw-------. 1 root root 1167 12月 16 09:39 anaconda-ks.cfg

// -l, --lines print the newline counts

// -w, --words print the word counts

// -c, --bytes print the byte counts

# wc -lwc anaconda-ks.cfg

47 103 1167 anaconda-ks.cfg

------------------------------------------------------迴路介面 loopback interface

//ifconfig 替換為 ip addr

# ip addr show

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 2001:288:8241:1::276/128 scope global dynamic noprefixroute

valid_lft 603954sec preferred_lft 603954sec

inet6 2001:288:8241:1:20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0/64 scope global dynamic noprefixroute

valid_lft 2591946sec preferred_lft 604746sec

inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0/64 scope link noprefixroute

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

# cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

# ping localhost

PING localhost(localhost (::1)) 56 data bytes

64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms

64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.097 ms

64 bytes from localhost (::1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.091 ms

--- localhost ping statistics ---

3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2071ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.048/0.078/0.097/0.024 ms

------------------------------------------------------nmcli 設定IP 相關

//nmcli - command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager

# nmcli device status

DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION

ens33 ethernet 已連線 ens33

lo loopback 不受管理 --

# nmcli device show ens33

GENERAL.DEVICE: ens33

GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet

GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:0C:29:A9:BC:B0

GENERAL.MTU: 1500

GENERAL.STATE: 100 (已連線)

GENERAL.CONNECTION: ens33

GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveCon>

WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: 開

IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 172.31.147.99/24

IP4.GATEWAY: 172.31.147.254

IP4.ROUTE[1]: dst = 172.31.147.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt =>

IP4.ROUTE[2]: dst = 0.0.0.0/0, nh = 172.31.147.254, mt >

IP4.DNS[1]: 163.28.136.21

IP4.SEARCHES[1]: 168.95.1.1

IP6.ADDRESS[1]: 2001:288:8241:1:20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0/64

IP6.ADDRESS[2]: 2001:288:8241:1::276/128

IP6.ADDRESS[3]: fe80::20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0/64

IP6.GATEWAY: fe80::ea1c:baff:fec9:968

IP6.ROUTE[1]: dst = 2001:288:8241:1::/64, nh = ::, mt =>

IP6.ROUTE[2]: dst = ::/0, nh = fe80::ea1c:baff:fec9:968>

IP6.ROUTE[3]: dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 100

lines 1-21...skipping...

# nmcli connection modify ens33 ipv4.address 192.168.2.103/24

# nmcli connection modify ens33 ipv4.gateway 192.168.2.1

# nmcli connection modify ens33 ipv4.dns 192.168.2.1

# nmcli device connect ens33

裝置「ens33」已成功以「9cb77588-c78e-40b0-acbe-3be164c3e385」啟用。

# nmcli device disconnect ens33

# nmcli connection up ens33

連線已成功啟用（D-Bus 啟用路徑：/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/3）

# nmcli connection down ens33

//CLI 下的圖形設計工具

# nmtui edit ens33

# systemctl restart NetworkManager.service

------------------------------ ip 工具由命令所做的設定，不會存至系統組態檔，所只適合測試用。

# ip addr show

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

...

//顯示特定設備的統計資料

// -s, -stats, -statistics

# ip -s link show ens33

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast

13869549 13640 0 42 0 0

TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns

409974 4014 0 0 0 0

# ip addr add 172.31.147.90/24 brd + dev ens33

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet 172.31.147.90/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global secondary ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

...

# ping 172.31.147.99

PING 172.31.147.99 (172.31.147.99) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 172.31.147.99: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.051 ms

--- 172.31.147.99 ping statistics ---

3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2068ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.051/0.098/0.152/0.042 ms

# ping 172.31.147.90

PING 172.31.147.90 (172.31.147.90) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 172.31.147.90: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms

--- 172.31.147.90 ping statistics ---

3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2031ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.043/0.067/0.094/0.022 ms

若 Host is Wondows7 無法 ping ：

控制台\系統及安全性\Windows 防火牆 --> 進階設定 --> 輸入規則 --> 檔案及印表機共用 (回應要求 - ICMPv4-In) --> 私人,公用 --> 已啟用 --> 是

# ip addr del 172.31.147.90/24 dev ens33

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

...

//啟用

# ip link set ens33 up

//停用

# ip link set ens33 down

------------------------------------------------------NetworkManager 工具

# systemctl status NetworkManager

● NetworkManager.service - Network Manager

Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/NetworkManager.service; enabled; vendo>

Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-12-23 11:05:35 CST; 34min ago

Docs: man:NetworkManager(8)

Main PID: 1760 (NetworkManager)

Tasks: 3 (limit: 36804)

Memory: 3.1M

CGroup: /system.slice/NetworkManager.service

└─1760 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon

12月 23 11:05:35 centos85.kk NetworkManager[1760]: <info> [1640228735.2369] devi>

12月 23 11:05:35 centos85.kk NetworkManager[1760]: <info> [1640228735.2371] mana>

...

# ls /usr/lib/systemd/system

...

NetworkManager.service

...

# ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

ifcfg-ens33

# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33

TYPE=Ethernet

PROXY_METHOD=none

BROWSER_ONLY=no

BOOTPROTO=none //是否自動取的IP；若是，dhcp 。若否，static 或 none

DEFROUTE=yes

IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no

IPV6INIT=yes

IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes

IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes

IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no

NAME=ens33

UUID=faff608e-1af3-4d6d-a3f8-85123c116ffd

DEVICE=ens33

ONBOOT=yes //開機是否啟用此網路卡

IPADDR=172.31.147.99

PREFIX=24

GATEWAY=172.31.147.254

DNS1=163.28.136.21

DOMAIN=168.95.1.1

IPV6_PRIVACY=no

# systemctl restart NetworkManager.service

------------------------------------------------------網路測試工具

//hostnamectl 取替 hostname

# hostnamectl

Static hostname: centos85.kk

Icon name: computer-vm

Chassis: vm

Machine ID: d9fabbd997c54e8f8c8520cd37b792e1

Boot ID: 2b7aaf930d3c44f3be99ecf65cf7c62e

Virtualization: vmware

Operating System: CentOS Linux 8

CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:8

Kernel: Linux 4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64

Architecture: x86-64

# hostnamectl set-hostname centos8.kk

# hostnamectl

Static hostname: centos8.kk

Icon name: computer-vm

Chassis: vm

Machine ID: d9fabbd997c54e8f8c8520cd37b792e1

Boot ID: 2b7aaf930d3c44f3be99ecf65cf7c62e

Virtualization: vmware

Operating System: CentOS Linux 8

CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:8

Kernel: Linux 4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64

Architecture: x86-64

//測試主機回應 Hinet 的 DNS

# ping 168.95.1.1

PING 168.95.1.1 (168.95.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 168.95.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=244 time=3.49 ms

--- 168.95.1.1 ping statistics ---

3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2008ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 3.488/3.695/3.818/0.155 ms

//ss is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.

//ss 取替 netstat

//t：tcp協定 u：udp協定 n：不用名稱以port顯示 p：連線由哪個行程處理 l：在傾聽的連線

# ss -tunpl

Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process

udp UNCONN 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* users:(("chronyd",pid=918,fd=6))

udp UNCONN 0 0 [::1]:323 [::]:* users:(("chronyd",pid=918,fd=7))

udp UNCONN 0 0 [fe80::20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0]%ens33:546 [::]:* users:(("NetworkManager",pid=990,fd=25))

tcp LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* users:(("sshd",pid=1007,fd=5))

tcp LISTEN 0 32 *:21 *:* users:(("vsftpd",pid=1247,fd=4))

tcp LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* users:(("sshd",pid=1007,fd=7))

//檢視tcp連線

# ss -t

State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process

ESTAB 0 52 172.31.147.99:ssh 172.31.147.29:59484

// -u, --udp Display UDP sockets.

# ss -u

Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer A

//tracepath, tracepath6 - traces path to a network host discovering MTU along this path

//tracepath 取替 traceroute/traceroute6

# tracepath 168.95.1.1

1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500

1: _gateway 0.905ms

1: _gateway 0.933ms

2: 10.241.3.153 1.653ms

3: 192.192.69.248 7.524ms

4: 192.192.69.242 4.005ms

5: no reply

6: skc1-3311.hinet.net 9.962ms asymm 9

...

//route - routing table entry.

//ip route 取替 route

# ip route show | column -t

default via 172.31.147.254 dev ens33 proto static metric 100

172.31.147.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 172.31.147.99 metric 100

# ip -6 route show | column -t > kkRouteTable.text

# cat kkRouteTable.text

::1 dev lo proto kernel metric 256 pref medium

2001:288:8241:1::276 dev ens33 proto kernel metric 100 pref medium

2001:288:8241:1::/64 dev ens33 proto ra metric 100 pref medium

fe80::/64 dev ens33 proto kernel metric 100 pref medium

default via fe80::ea1c:baff:fec9:968 dev ens33 proto ra metric 100 pref medium

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 2001:288:8241:1::276/128 scope global dynamic noprefixroute

valid_lft 602717sec preferred_lft 602717sec

inet6 2001:288:8241:1:20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0/64 scope global dynamic noprefixroute

valid_lft 2591950sec preferred_lft 604750sec

inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0/64 scope link noprefixroute

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

# ip addr add 10.150.15.88/24 brd + dev ens33

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet 10.150.15.88/24 brd 10.150.15.255 scope global ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

...

# ip route show

default via 172.31.147.254 dev ens33 proto static metric 100

10.150.15.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 10.150.15.88 // 靜態路由

172.31.147.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 172.31.147.99 metric 100

# ping 10.150.15.88

PING 10.150.15.88 (10.150.15.88) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 10.150.15.88: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.145 ms

//直接刪除ip addr

# ip addr del 10.150.15.88/24 dev ens33

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

或者

# ip addr add 10.150.15.77/24 brd + dev ens33

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet 10.150.15.77/24 brd 10.150.15.255 scope global ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

...

# ip route show

default via 172.31.147.254 dev ens33 proto static metric 100

10.150.15.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 10.150.15.77

172.31.147.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 172.31.147.99 metric 100

# ping 10.150.15.77

PING 10.150.15.77 (10.150.15.77) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 10.150.15.77: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms

//只刪除路由

# ip route del 10.150.15.0/24

//ip addr 還在

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet 10.150.15.77/24 brd 10.150.15.255 scope global ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

...

# ip route show

default via 172.31.147.254 dev ens33 proto static metric 100

172.31.147.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 172.31.147.99 metric 100

//沒有靜態路由，還可ping

# ping 10.150.15.77

PING 10.150.15.77 (10.150.15.77) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 10.150.15.77: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.041 ms

# ip addr del 10.150.15.77/24 dev ens33

# ip addr show

...

2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 172.31.147.99/24 brd 172.31.147.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

------------------------------------------------------ARP 、RARP

//ARP

//Address Resolution Protocol 位址解析協定，由已知的 IP 位址查問其相對應的網路實體位址MAC

//RARP

//Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 反向位址解析協定,由已知的網路實體位址（MAC 位址）查詢其相對應的 IP 位址

//ip neighbor 取替 arp

# ip neighbor show

172.31.147.29 dev ens33 lladdr 00:e0:4c:27:08:5b REACHABLE

172.31.147.254 dev ens33 lladdr e8:1c:ba:c9:09:68 STALE

fe80::ea1c:baff:fec9:968 dev ens33 lladdr e8:1c:ba:c9:09:68 router STALE

////

被淘汰的工具只是不在預設安裝所包含的，所以是可以利用 yum 把他安裝回來

Note：在 yum 中不知道套件的名稱，可以用 provides 和 list 直接搜尋 package 裡面的工具

////

//DNF is the next upcoming major version of YUM

# dnf provides */ifconfig

上次中介資料過期檢查：0:00:34 前，時間點為西元2021年12月24日 (週五) 12時02分18秒。

net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 : Basic networking tools

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/sbin/ifconfig

# dnf list */ifconfig

上次中介資料過期檢查：0:00:48 前，時間點為西元2021年12月24日 (週五) 12時02分18秒。

可用的軟體包

net-tools.x86_64 2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8

# ifconfig

-bash: ifconfig：命令找不到

# dnf -y install net-tools

# ifconfig

ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

inet 172.31.147.99 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.31.147.255

inet6 2001:288:8241:1::276 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x0<global>

inet6 2001:288:8241:1:20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>

inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea9:bcb0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

ether 00:0c:29:a9:bc:b0 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

RX packets 29601 bytes 3163995 (3.0 MiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 329 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 4474 bytes 590794 (576.9 KiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536

inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0

inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>

loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)

RX packets 38 bytes 3192 (3.1 KiB)

RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

TX packets 38 bytes 3192 (3.1 KiB)

TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

# dnf provides */netstat

上次中介資料過期檢查：0:28:28 前，時間點為西元2021年12月24日 (週五) 12時02分18秒。

net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 : Basic networking tools

軟體庫：@System

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/bin/netstat

net-tools-2.0-0.52.20160912git.el8.x86_64 : Basic networking tools

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/bin/netstat

# netstat -r | column -t

Kernel IP routing table

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface

default _gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33

172.31.147.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 ens33

# dnf provides */dig

上次中介資料過期檢查：0:30:23 前，時間點為西元2021年12月24日 (週五) 12時02分18秒。

bind-utils-32:9.11.26-6.el8.x86_64 : Utilities for querying DNS name servers

軟體庫：appstream

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/bin/dig

kernel-debug-devel-4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64 : Development package for building kernel modules to match the

: debug kernel

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/src/kernels/4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64+debug/arch/ia64/dig

kernel-debug-devel-4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64 : Development package for building kernel modules to

: match the debug kernel

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/src/kernels/4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64+debug/arch/ia64/dig

kernel-devel-4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64 : Development package for building kernel modules to match the kernel

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/src/kernels/4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64/arch/ia64/dig

kernel-devel-4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64 : Development package for building kernel modules to match the

: kernel

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/usr/src/kernels/4.18.0-348.2.1.el8_5.x86_64/arch/ia64/dig

# dnf -y install bind-utils

# dig 168.95.1.1

; <<>> DiG 9.11.26-RedHat-9.11.26-6.el8 <<>> 168.95.1.1

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 63268

;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:

; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096

; COOKIE: a9f575096485cf010f37025261c54ddc525b72fcbab80909 (good)

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;168.95.1.1. IN A

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

. 10800 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2021122301 1800 900 604800 86400

;; Query time: 11 msec

;; SERVER: 163.28.136.21#53(163.28.136.21)

;; WHEN: 五 12月 24 12:34:36 CST 2021

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 142

# dnf provides */traceroute

上次中介資料過期檢查：0:33:14 前，時間點為西元2021年12月24日 (週五) 12時02分18秒。

traceroute-3:2.1.0-6.el8.x86_64 : Traces the route taken by packets over an IPv4/IPv6 network

軟體庫：baseos

符合來源：

檔案名稱：/bin/traceroute

檔案名稱：/usr/share/doc/traceroute

# dnf -y install traceroute

# traceroute www.google.com.tw

traceroute to www.google.com.tw (142.251.42.227), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets

1 _gateway (172.31.147.254) 1.011 ms 0.932 ms 0.885 ms

2 10.241.3.153 (10.241.3.153) 4.345 ms 4.283 ms 0.938 ms

...

------------------------------------------------------Firewalld

//查詢啟用狀態

# firewall-cmd --state

running

# firewall-cmd --get-zones

block dmz drop external home internal nm-shared public trusted work

# ls /usr/lib/firewalld/zones

block.xml drop.xml home.xml nm-shared.xml trusted.xml

dmz.xml external.xml internal.xml public.xml work.xml

# firewall-cmd --get-active-zone

public

interfaces: ens33

//了解目前zone的詳細設定

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all

public (active)

target: default

icmp-block-inversion: no

interfaces: ens33

sources:

services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ftp ssh

ports:

protocols:

forward: no

masquerade: no

forward-ports:

source-ports:

icmp-blocks:

rich rules:

// 名稱 vsfpt 、vsftpd 都不是

# firewall-cmd --get-services | grep ftp

RH-Satellite-6 RH-Satellite-6-capsule amanda-client amanda-k5-client amqp amqps apcupsd audit bacula bacula-client bb bgp bitcoin bitcoin-rpc bitcoin-testnet bitcoin-testnet-rpc bittorrent-lsd ceph ceph-mon cfengine cockpit collectd condor-collector ctdb dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client distcc dns dns-over-tls docker-registry docker-swarm dropbox-lansync elasticsearch etcd-client etcd-server finger foreman foreman-proxy freeipa-4 freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps freeipa-replication freeipa-trust ftp galera ganglia-client ganglia-master git grafana gre high-availability http https imap imaps ipp ipp-client ipsec irc ircs iscsi-target isns jenkins kadmin kdeconnect kerberos kibana klogin kpasswd kprop kshell kube-apiserver ldap ldaps libvirt libvirt-tls lightning-network llmnr managesieve matrix mdns memcache minidlna mongodb mosh mountd mqtt mqtt-tls ms-wbt mssql murmur mysql nbd nfs nfs3 nmea-0183 nrpe ntp nut openvpn ovirt-imageio ovirt-storageconsole ovirt-vmconsole plex pmcd pmproxy pmwebapi pmwebapis pop3 pop3s postgresql privoxy prometheus proxy-dhcp ptp pulseaudio puppetmaster quassel radius rdp redis redis-sentinel rpc-bind rquotad rsh rsyncd rtsp salt-master samba samba-client samba-dc sane sip sips slp smtp smtp-submission smtps snmp snmptrap spideroak-lansync spotify-sync squid ssdp ssh steam-streaming svdrp svn syncthing syncthing-gui synergy syslog syslog-tls telnet tentacle tftp tftp-client tile38 tinc tor-socks transmission-client upnp-client vdsm vnc-server wbem-http wbem-https wsman wsmans xdmcp xmpp-bosh xmpp-client xmpp-local xmpp-server zabbix-agent zabbix-server

# ls /usr/lib/firewalld/services | grep ftp

ftp.xml

tftp-client.xml

tftp.xml

//將服務加入規則

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=ftp

success

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all

public (active)

target: default

icmp-block-inversion: no

interfaces: ens33

sources:

services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ftp ssh

ports:

protocols:

forward: no

masquerade: no

forward-ports:

source-ports:

icmp-blocks:

rich rules:

//將埠口加入規則

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=8080/tcp

success

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all

public (active)

target: default

icmp-block-inversion: no

interfaces: ens33

sources:

services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ftp ssh

ports: 8080/tcp

protocols:

forward: no

masquerade: no

forward-ports:

source-ports:

icmp-blocks:

rich rules:

//將服務與埠口移除

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-port=8080/tcp

success

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all

public (active)

target: default

icmp-block-inversion: no

interfaces: ens33

sources:

services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ftp ssh

ports:

protocols:

forward: no

masquerade: no

forward-ports:

source-ports:

icmp-blocks:

rich rules:

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-service=ftp

success

# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all

public (active)

target: default

icmp-block-inversion: no

interfaces: ens33

sources:

services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ssh

ports:

protocols:

forward: no

masquerade: no

forward-ports:

source-ports:

icmp-blocks:

rich rules:

// firewalld.service 開機是否啟動

# systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service

enabled

# systemctl disable firewalld.service

Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.

Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.

# systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service

disabled

# systemctl enable firewalld.service

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service.

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service.

# systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service

enabled

# ls /usr/lib/systemd/system | grep firewall

firewalld.service

//停止FirewallD服務

# systemctl start firewalld.service

# systemctl is-active firewalld.service

active

# systemctl stop firewalld.service

# systemctl is-active firewalld.service

inactive

# systemctl start firewalld.service

# systemctl status firewalld.service

● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon

Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-12-27 14:15:19 CST; 3min 26s ago

Docs: man:firewalld(1)

Main PID: 1892 (firewalld)

Tasks: 2 (limit: 36804)

Memory: 23.8M

CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service

└─1892 /usr/libexec/platform-python -s /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

...

------------------------------------------------------

2021年12月1日星期三

HTML5+CSS(二)

參考資料：佳魁陸淩牛王者歸來HTML5與CSS3權威指南

CSS3屬性選擇器
----------------------------------------------------------

HTML

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Document</title>

<style>

/* ^開頭字元有 */

[id^=session] {

background-color: #ccc;

}

/* * 有包含 */

[id*=session1] {

background-color: #fae;

}

/* $ 結尾字元 */

[id$=\-1] {

background-color: #f00;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

</div>

</body>

</html>

----------------------------------------------------------

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Document</title>

<style>

a[href$=\/]:after,

a[href$=htm]:after,

a[href$=html]:after {

content: "WEB網頁";

color: #f00;

}

a[href$=jpg]:after {

content: "JPEG影像檔";

color: #0f0;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<ul>

<li>

</li>

<li>

</li>

<li>

</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

類別選取器

<p class="left">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Distinctio, tenetur!</p>

可以隨便命名。

但虛擬類別選取器是CSS中已經定義好的選取器，不能隨便命名。CSS最常使用的虛擬類別選取器是使用在a元素上的選擇器：

a:link{}

a:visited{}

a:hover{}

a:active{}

虛擬元素選取器

針對CSS中已定義好的虛擬元素使用選擇器。

選擇器: 虛擬元素{屬性:值}

也可搭類別使用

選擇器類別: 虛擬元素{屬性:值}

CSS中主要有四個虛擬元素選擇器：

first-line 用於某元素中的第一行文字使用樣式

first-letter 用於某元素中文字的字首使用樣式

before 用於某元素之前插入一些內容

after 用於某元素之後插入一些內容

----------------------------------------------------------

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Document</title>

<style>

p:first-line {

background-color: rgb(169, 228, 33);

;

}

p:first-letter {

color: #f00;

}

li:before {

content: "**";

}

li:after {

content: "(僅用於測試...)";

font-size: 12px;

color: #f00;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. <br>Voluptatem dolorum soluta quia in! Modi molestiae

earum dolorem. Nulla temporibus dolor nostrum eum fugit illo nemo natus perspiciatis possimus, provident

dignissimos?</p>

<ul>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

結構性虛擬類別選擇器

root、not、empty、target

root 頁面根項目。即整個頁面<html>

not 排除某結構下面的子結構元素

empty元素內容空白時使用的樣式

target

----------------------------------------------------------

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Document</title>

<style>

:root {

background-color: #cc0;

}

body *:not(h1) {

background-color: #fcc;

}

:empty {

background-color: #ccc;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>root選擇器</h1>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Voluptate nam perspiciatis quas dicta iste earum unde

tempora. Quos consequuntur et maiores. Consequatur, est sit! Rerum eum perspiciatis tenetur. Magni, ipsa.</p>

<table>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

target

點擊頁面中超連結，且跳躍到target元素後起作用

----------------------------------------------------------

HTML

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Document</title>

<style>

:target {

background-color: #adff2f;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<a href="#text1">範例文字1</a> |

<a href="#text2">範例文字2</a> |

<a href="#text3">範例文字3</a> |

<a href="#text4">範例文字4</a> |

</p>

<h2>範例文字1

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit, amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Animi dolor perferendis voluptate error facere

iusto eveniet tempore, perspiciatis, cupiditate totam nostrum porro. Laboriosam sint, harum enim facilis

deleniti omnis minus!</p>

</h2>

</div>

<h2>範例文字2

<p>Voluptates quis libero dicta tempora! Velit ab laboriosam eum pariatur non, cupiditate quis iusto

nesciunt et recusandae. Iusto, sunt. Accusantium architecto aut error et dolor. In cumque temporibus

praesentium ratione.</p>

</h2>

</div>

<h2>範例文字3

<p>Quibusdam veritatis eum deleniti doloribus! Quas sed quasi id provident perspiciatis, consequatur

aspernatur! Ea, aliquam? Consequatur, aliquam. Sapiente ea quaerat rem ullam illum voluptatum.

Dignissimos distinctio explicabo adipisci natus cupiditate?</p>

</h2>

</div>

<h2>範例文字4

<p>Odio culpa inventore nostrum, sunt aspernatur architecto quaerat necessitatibus nemo sint cumque velit

doloribus vitae est similique esse ex! Ipsa iste hic sint incidunt dicta sed dolorum aspernatur

consequuntur laborum.</p>

</h2>

</div>

<h2>範例文字5

<p>Sed fuga voluptates inventore! Necessitatibus unde labore maiores? Nesciunt quisquam, distinctio magnam

ex accusantium neque. Commodi fuga sit iure labore hic, perspiciatis ex minima dolorem, deleniti aliquid

quia rem dignissimos.</p>

</h2>

</div>

</body>

</html>

文字陰影

text-shadow: length1 length2 length3 color

length1 陰影離開文字橫向距離

length2 陰影離開文字縱向距離

length3 陰影的模糊半徑

color 陰影的顏色

----------------------------------------------------------

HTML

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Document</title>

<style>

div {

font-size: 50px;

font-weight: bold;

color: #fff;

text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #ff0000;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div>

較大為您回憶

</div>

</body>

</html>

方塊陰影+圓角邊框

box-shadow: length1 length2 length3 color

length1 陰影離開方塊橫向距離

length2 陰影離開方塊縱向距離

length3 陰影的模糊半徑

color 陰影的顏色

border-radius: length

length 圓角半徑

----------------------------------------------------------

HTML

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Document</title>

<style>

div {

width: 300px;

font-size: 50px;

font-weight: bold;

text-align: center;

border: 1px solid #dcdcdc;

border-radius: 10px;

box-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #808080;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div>

方塊陰影

</div>

</body>

</html>

box-sizing
----------------------------------------------------------

HTML

~~~~~~~~~

<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Document</title>

<style>

div {

width: 300px;

padding: 30px;

border: solid 5px #fa0;

background-color: #ff0;

margin: 10px;

}

#d0 {

/* 預設

box-sizing: content-box; */

}

#d1 {

box-sizing: content-box;

/* 元素總寬度=內容+padding*2+border*2+margin*2

元素總寬度=300+30*2+5*2+10*2 */

}

#d2 {

/* 內容=元素可見總寬度-padding*2-border*2

元素總寬度=300-30*2-5*2 */

box-sizing: border-box;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

習慣當時雲林義務起來一把德國逐步到底，適當進行同學沒有什麼這個為此常見歌曲，範圍內一份是怎麼閲讀說著處理住房教師總部外貿名單打算，一流充滿一項一台治理，刷新正是谷歌面前仍然你不圍繞，演唱醫生某種這個問題，註冊看看，最佳臉上沒有任何，身上反。

</div>

</div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

----------------------------------------------------------

HTML

~~~~~~~~~

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HTML

~~~~~~~~~

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HTML

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HTML

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